Dengue is a vector-borne disease transmitted by an infected female mosquito of the Aedes aegypti species that causes high fever. These mosquitoes are different from normal mosquitoes with white bands present on their legs. It often bites during the day and after the infected mosquito bites a human, the symptoms start developing in the body within 3-14 days. It has been seen that dengue infects children more.

Dengue Fever has the following symptoms:

1. High fever usually around 104 °F.
2. Severe headache
3. Rashes

4. Pain behind the eyes
5. Intense muscle and joint pain
6. Loss of appetite
7. Fatigue

Tips to prevent Dengue:

  1. Avoid water stagnation in coolers, open areas, containers etc. By pouring a thin layer of kerosene oil over the stagnated areas to prevent the breeding of mosquito larvae.
  2.  People are advised to wear full sleeves clothes to prevent transmission in the rainy season.
  3. Mosquitoes frequently hang around in damp, dark areas. Make sure that there is plenty of sunlight in the room or house to keep mosquitoes out. Additionally, camphor may destroy many kinds of pests, so a smoky candle can be lighted every other day for roughly 30 minutes in the room.
  4. As dengue mosquitoes usually bite during the daytime, it is advised to use a mosquito net while sleeping during the day and mosquito repellents in the form of roll-ons, sprays and sticks should be used.
  5. Use aerosol during the day to prevent mosquito bites.


Diagnosis and Treatment:

  1. Complete blood count test was done which gives information about platelet status, Dengue NS1 antigen, nucleic acid detection by PCR, etc...
  2. Blood transfusions for platelets in severe cases as the platelet count eventually drop in dengue patients.
  3. Though there are no antiviral medicines to treat dengue fever, early diagnosis and clinical treatment can help the patients.
  4. Those suffering from dengue are advised to keep themselves hydrated.

This day is celebrated in remembrance of French biologist Louis Pasteur who gave the first dose of the first vaccine against the zoonotic disease rabies. This day holds importance in promoting awareness and educating people about the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from animals to the humans.
          Zoonoses, also known as zoonotic diseases, are infectious conditions caused by microorganisms that can pass from animals to humans. These zoonotic pathogens, which can be bacterial, parasitic, viral, or even strange agents, can spread through direct or indirect contact between animals and humans.

Causes- Zoonotic diseases are caused by a number of factors. Some of them are:
1. Direct contact- due to bites, scratches, or ingesting bodily fluids including blood, saliva, urine, faeces, or bite wounds from an infected animal.

2. Indirect contact: This might happen in areas where sick animals feed or live and are infected by the zoonotic pathogens.

3. Foodborne: Due to consuming contaminated foods like as raw fruits and vegetables, milk, meat, eggs coming from infected animals.

Symptoms-

  1. Flu like symptoms like fever, cough, headache, fatigue and bodyache.
  2. Visible lesions of bite marks, scratches on the skin.
  3. Abdominal cramps, vomiting, severe diarrhea and loss of appetite.

Diagnosis and Treatment-

  1. Physical examination of the skin
  2. Administration of antibiotics and vaccines in case of animal bites.
  3. Wear masks or protective clothing those who have animal allergy.
  4. Periodic blood tests to identify the pathogens in order to start the medications.

Prevention and Control-

  1. Vaccinate the pet animals immediately before getting them home.
  2. Immediate administration of vaccines or medicine in case of animal bites or scratches.
  3. Increasing knowledge of zoonotic diseases and operationalization among the people globally.
  4. Improve biosecurity and identify the main causes of zoonotic disease in livestock.
  5. Improving the zoonotic disease regulation and monitoring.
  6. Make alternative livelihoods and ensure food security while promoting sustainable agricultural technology.

On June 27, 1995, the first National HIV Testing Day (NHTD) was observed. This is a day to encourage people to get tested for HIV, learn their status, and connect with care and treatment.

The theme for 2022, "HIV Testing is Self-care," is apt, given the importance of self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic

This year’s theme focuses on the following goals for partners.

It's also very important, considering the crucial necessity of individual and community initiatives to improve physical and mental health.

What is HIV AND why HIV Testing is necessary?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that targets the body's immune system, which serves as its natural protection against sickness. If HIV is not treated, it might weaken the immune system to the point that it can no longer fight infection. Early testing helps to prevent this advanced stage of the virus, known as AIDS, is lethal and can be prevented.

HIV is a life-threatening disease that can infect people of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations.  Up to one in every seven persons living with HIV remain unaware of their status.

The test is quick and simple: During an HIV test, doctors collect a blood or saliva (swab test) sample for analysis. In about 20 minutes, you'll know if you have the infection. An HIV test is free.

If your HIV test results indicate that you have the virus, you can get the therapy you need to stay healthy. Antiretroviral medications now allow HIV patients to live long and normal lives.

 When you know your HIV status, you can take precautions to safeguard current and future sexual partners, as well as encourage former partners to be tested.

This day is celebrated in remembrance of Michael Jackson who suffered from vitiligo and died on 25th June, 2009 to create global awareness about vitiligo. It encourages unity among the people with vitiligo to rule out the discrimination faced by them by the people and raise their voices and visibility in all the areas of life. Over 1% of the total world population suffers from vitiligo where it affects all the genders and ethnic groups especially in the age groups of 20-30 years.

Causes- Vitiligo is an autosomal disease that causes the loss of skin pigment cells called melanocytes. This causes the skin to lighten in patches across the body and face. It is often unpredictable but children born to both parents having this disease are more likely to develop vitiligo. This is non-communicable disease and around 80% of the people develop this condition before the age of 30 years.

Symptoms-

  1. Depigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes.
  2. Patch on the skin with no color especially on the inside of the mouth.
  3. Premature graying of hair on the scalp and eyebrows.
  4. Light sensitivity
  5. Change in color of the eye’s retina.
  6. Freckles and moles with light pinkish color due to reduced pigment.

Diagnosis and Treatment-

  1. Physical examination of the skin
  2. Electroretinogram for detect of light sensitivity in the eyes associated with vitiligo.
  3. Micro-pigmentation also called permanent make up, is a tattooing procedure to treat vitiligo.
  4. Protective sunglasses, clothing and sunscreens to protect from the UV exposure.

Genetic counseling to understand the inheritance of vitiligo in the family history.

Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder which causes “sickle” shaped red blood cells in humans. These deformed blood cells stick with each other, blocks the blood flow and oxygen to reach the other parts of the body. This day is observed annually with the goal to increase public knowledge and an understanding of sickle cell disease, and the challenges experienced by patients and their families.

This sickle cell mutation occurs when negatively charged glutamine is replaced by a neutral valine at the sixth position of the beta-globin chain and this mutation is transmitted and is inherited by an autosomal co-dominant fashion. People suffer from severe pain and has to be treated with strong painkillers like morphine. Symptoms of sickle cell start showing from around 5 to 6 months of age and along with the pain a person can also suffer from anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, blindness, bone damage and stroke.           The only available treatment to the sickle cell anemia is the stem cell transplantation. Genetic counseling is very vital to understand the possibility of inheritance of sickle cell anemia in the family history. Periodic checkups with the doctor is very crucial for the people suffering with sickle cell anemia to check the blood hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells counts etc.

Menstruation or menses is the monthly shedding of the lining of a woman’s uterus. It is also known as the menstrual period, cycle or period. The menstrual blood is composed of blood and tissue from the endometrium of the uterus and flows through the cervix and out of the body through the vagina. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long and can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days. The menstrual cycle is triggered by hormones controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain and the ovaries in the female reproductive tract. Girls start menstruating at the average age of 12 and as early as 8 years of age or as late as 16 years of age. Women stop menstruating at menopause, which occurs at about the age of 51.

Significance of National Menstrual Hygiene Day:

  1. It aims to bring together the people for promoting good menstrual health and hygiene for everyone around the world.
  2. To break the silence, raise awareness and change the social stigmas around menstrual health and hygiene.
  3. It provides an opportunity to engage decision-makers and increase the political priority to catalyse the actions for menstrual health and hygiene at global, national, and local levels.


Tips to maintain Menstrual Hygiene:


1. Change the sanitary pads regularly to avoid the conditions like Toxic Shock Syndrome (bacterial infection) and other infections.

2. Maintain cleanliness and hygiene.

3. Choose the correct method of sanitation.

4. Wash yourself regularly.

5. Consult a gynaecologist immediately if any discomfort or infection arises.

[cmsmasters_row data_shortcode_id="7wjx5vzh" data_padding_bottom_mobile_v="0" data_padding_top_mobile_v="0" data_padding_bottom_mobile_h="0" data_padding_top_mobile_h="0" data_padding_bottom_tablet="0" data_padding_top_tablet="0" data_padding_bottom_laptop="0" data_padding_top_laptop="0" data_padding_bottom_large="0" data_padding_top_large="0" data_padding_bottom="50" data_padding_top="0" data_bg_parallax_ratio="0.5" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center" data_color="default" data_bot_style="default" data_top_style="default" data_padding_right="3" data_padding_left="3" data_width="boxed"][cmsmasters_column data_width="1/1" data_shortcode_id="pdsp3hctrc" data_animation_delay="0" data_border_style="default" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center"][cmsmasters_text shortcode_id="ryo761yl5l" animation_delay="0"] Hand hygiene is an effective way to prevent infections and reduces the transmission of microorganisms (including those that are antibiotic-resistant), reduces the spread of COVID-19, increases patient safety, and decreases health care-associated infections (HAI). Effective, timely hand hygiene is very important for infection prevention and control. Significance of Hand Hygiene: Commonly colonized pathogens are Methicillin Resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant  Enterococcus  (VRE), MDR-Gram Negative bacteria (GNBs), Candida spp. and  Clostridium difficle, which can survive for as long as 150 h.  There are two main types of microbes colonizing our hands.
  1. Resident flora- These microbes reside under the superficial cells of the stratum corneum.
  2. Transient flora- They colonize the superficial layers of the skin and is more responsive to removal by routine hand hygiene.
Hand washing is the best way to stop germs from spreading. Thus, hand washing should be done: (i) After using the toilet. (ii) After touching any surfaces coming into contact with. (iii) After touching pets, animals etc. (iv) Before preparing and eating meals. (v) Germs can spread to the hands by sneezing, coughing, or rubbing the eyes. Thus hand washing should be done in frequent intervals. (vi) It virtually eradicates the carriage of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which invariably occurs on the hands of Health Care workers working in ICUs. WHO guided steps to maintain hand hygiene- Follow these five steps every time-
  1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), and apply soap.
  2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the back of your hands, between the fingers, and under the nails.
  3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds.
  4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
  5. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.
How to maintain Hand Hygiene?
  1. Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most of the situations.
  2. Cut the finger nails in frequent intervals to avoid the spread of infections.
  3. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol can be used if soaps and water are not readily available.
  4. Hand wipes containing at least 60% alcohol can be used while traveling.
  5. Teaching hand hygiene to kids, children and to the people of all the age groups.
  6. Providing Hand Hygiene awareness and guidelines to the food handlers, health care workers, schools and colleges.
[/cmsmasters_text][/cmsmasters_column][/cmsmasters_row][cmsmasters_row data_shortcode_id="00gpagw33h" data_padding_bottom_mobile_v="0" data_padding_top_mobile_v="0" data_padding_bottom_mobile_h="0" data_padding_top_mobile_h="0" data_padding_bottom_tablet="0" data_padding_top_tablet="0" data_padding_bottom_laptop="0" data_padding_top_laptop="0" data_padding_bottom_large="0" data_padding_top_large="0" data_padding_bottom="50" data_padding_top="0" data_bg_parallax_ratio="0.5" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center" data_color="default" data_bot_style="default" data_top_style="default" data_padding_right="3" data_padding_left="3" data_width="boxed"][cmsmasters_column data_width="1/1" data_shortcode_id="1jma8h11x9" data_animation_delay="0" data_border_style="default" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center"][cmsmasters_text shortcode_id="bk3mxmz0ll" animation_delay="0"]
Either you currently have knee osteoarthritis, or just developing knee pain from time to time and worry about the best way of exercise. This health article got some answers for you. Exercising is a vital activity for boosting the immune system as well as your endurance. The most appropriate exercise for patients with knee pain or knee osteoarthritis is the one that causes the least impact at the knee joint. The lesser impact at the knee joint means a lower chance of knee injury, so this is why most research suggests that cycling and swimming are the best exercises for patients with knee problems. Therefore, cycling is a very great exercise for patients with knee osteoarthritis condition. In addition, cycling is also a right choice of exercise for patients who suffer from spondylosis with nerve root compression in some cases (and we will definitely talk about this in later articles). Cycling makes knee joint bend and stretch gently and helps to ease the movement of the joint. Cycling also improves the muscle strength around the knee joint, which ultimately protects the knee joint if there are any impact actions. So it’s wise to say that cycling promotes knee joint health in many ways. Furthermore, cycling is a cardio workout. Cardio workout is known to enhance cardiology strength, improving sleep quality, and a great way to relieve stress. here are so many concerns about whether cycling could cause more severe knee osteoarthritis or not. The answer can be both “yes” and “no”. Usually, cycling cause quite a small impact to the knee joint. The joint also moves gently in a circular motion. Cycling has to be very extreme to develop osteoarthritis condition, like athlete cycling – which involves standing and fast-paced cycling. Cycling in this way causes intense pressure at the knee joint and cartilage. If the knee joint and knee muscle are not strong enough, the knee will be severely injured. Another point to concern is to tone down the pressure at the knee cap during cycling. You can do this by customizing the bicycle appropriately. Adjust the seat to be a little higher. The seat is in a good position when you paddle the pedal to the farthest bottom; your knee position is bending by only 10-15 degrees angle. You may move the seat to the front or the rear as desired. The position of the knee joint when you paddle the pedal at the very front should be absolute vertical and directly match to the thumb joint of the foot. Cycling tips for the beginners: The preferred bicycle should have these options: Taking good care of your knee joint today surely reduces the risk of osteoarthritis knee, which ultimately lower the concern knee pain as well as the chance for the patient to undergo knee replacement surgery. Having free of pain in your everyday life promotes better life quality.
[/cmsmasters_text][/cmsmasters_column][/cmsmasters_row][cmsmasters_row data_shortcode_id="ob0ven9nv" data_padding_bottom_mobile_v="0" data_padding_top_mobile_v="0" data_padding_bottom_mobile_h="0" data_padding_top_mobile_h="0" data_padding_bottom_tablet="0" data_padding_top_tablet="0" data_padding_bottom_laptop="0" data_padding_top_laptop="0" data_padding_bottom_large="0" data_padding_top_large="0" data_padding_bottom="50" data_padding_top="0" data_bg_parallax_ratio="0.5" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center" data_color="default" data_bot_style="default" data_top_style="default" data_padding_right="3" data_padding_left="3" data_width="boxed"][cmsmasters_column data_width="1/1" data_shortcode_id="yttrtykep" data_animation_delay="0" data_border_style="default" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center"][cmsmasters_text shortcode_id="xerryazjkd" animation_delay="0"] Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty deposits accumulate along artery walls. You may have heard the condition referred to as clogged arteries or a hardening of the arteries. This causes the arteries to narrow and restricts blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body. This article lists 15 foods that may help prevent clogged arteries.

How arteries can become clogged

Atherosclerosis is considered a major underlying cause of heart disease, including  coronary artery disease, the most common type of heart disease in the United States. Atherosclerosis  is the underlying cause of about 50% of deaths in Western countries (1Trusted Source). It’s a chronic inflammatory disease with numerous risk factors. You’re more likely to develop atherosclerosis if you (1Trusted Source,  2Trusted Source,  3Trusted Source): On the other hand, following a diet rich in certain foods like vegetables, fruits, and fish has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease (4Trusted Source). Here are 15 foods that may help prevent clogged arteries.
  1. Berries
  2. Beans
  3. Fish
  4. Tomatoes and Tomato Products
  5. Onion
  6. Citrus Fruits
  7. Spices
  8. Flax Seeds
  9. Cruciferous Vegetables
  10. Beets
  11. Oats
  12. Nuts and Seeds
  13. Leafy Grains
  14. Cocoa and Nark Chocolates
  15. Olive Oil
[/cmsmasters_text][/cmsmasters_column][/cmsmasters_row][cmsmasters_row data_shortcode_id="m4wxz3v2cl" data_padding_bottom_mobile_v="0" data_padding_top_mobile_v="0" data_padding_bottom_mobile_h="0" data_padding_top_mobile_h="0" data_padding_bottom_tablet="0" data_padding_top_tablet="0" data_padding_bottom_laptop="0" data_padding_top_laptop="0" data_padding_bottom_large="0" data_padding_top_large="0" data_padding_bottom="50" data_padding_top="0" data_bg_parallax_ratio="0.5" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center" data_color="default" data_bot_style="default" data_top_style="default" data_padding_right="3" data_padding_left="3" data_width="boxed"][cmsmasters_column data_width="1/1" data_shortcode_id="vkxw0qrmr" data_animation_delay="0" data_border_style="default" data_bg_size="cover" data_bg_attachment="scroll" data_bg_repeat="no-repeat" data_bg_position="top center"][cmsmasters_text shortcode_id="wfxa8i3t9" animation_delay="0"]
Sleep apnea is a serious  sleep disorder  that happens when a person’s breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times during the night. If it’s not treated, sleep apnea can cause a number of health problems, including  hypertension  (high blood pressure),  stroke,  cardiomyopathy  (enlargement of the muscle tissue of the heart),  heart failure,  diabetes  and  heart attacks. Untreated sleep apnea can also be responsible for job impairment, work-related accidents and motor vehicle crashes, as well as underachievement in school in children and adolescents. There are two types of sleep apnea,  obstructive  and  central:

Who gets sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea occurs in about 25% of men and nearly 10% of women. Sleep apnea can affect people of all ages, including  babies and children  and particularly people over the age of 50 and those who are overweight. Certain physical traits and clinical features are common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. These include  excessive weight, large neck and structural abnormalities reducing the diameter of the upper airway, such as nasal obstruction, a low-hanging soft palate, enlarged tonsils or a small jaw with an overbite.

What happens when you stop breathing?

When you stop breathing, your heart rate also tends to drop the longer your body is deprived of oxygen. Then, your involuntary reflexes cause you to startle awake at the end of that period of not breathing. When this occurs, your heart rate tends to accelerate quickly and your blood pressure rises. These are changes that take place acutely when you stop breathing. However, your body starts to experience chronic effects if you experience frequent apnea. Data suggests increased risk, particularly when you stop breathing roughly 30 times or more per hour. But there is likely a risk at even lower frequency rates. For example, your blood pressure tends to go up, your heart walls thicken due to increased workload and the structure of your heart changes. It tends to become stiffer and less flexible because there are more fibrous cells growing in between the muscle cells. All of those things increase the risk that you can have either atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. They also tend to reduce the function of the heart so that it’s less efficient at pumping blood.
[/cmsmasters_text][/cmsmasters_column][/cmsmasters_row]