Advice Archives - B.P. Poddar Hospital

For decades, open-heart surgery has remained the conventional approach to treating complex cardiac conditions. However, advancements in surgical techniques, medical technology and clinical expertise have progressively transformed the landscape of cardiac surgery. Procedures that once required opening the chest through a large incision can now, in selected cases, be performed through significantly smaller incisions.

Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (MICS) represents one of the most significant developments in this direction, offering patients the possibility of complex cardiac interventions with reduced surgical trauma, less postoperative discomfort and faster recovery.

Yet, despite its advantages, MICS presents considerable technical challenges, particularly in patients with advanced coronary artery disease or multiple cardiac conditions.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata, nearly a decade of experience, continuous innovation and specialised surgical expertise have helped progressively overcome several of these conventional limitations, expanding the possibilities of minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Understanding Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery

Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (MICS) refers to cardiac surgical procedures performed through smaller incisions instead of the conventional approach of opening the breastbone, or sternum, to access the heart.

Depending on the condition and the procedure, surgeons access the heart through a small incision between the ribs or another limited surgical opening, using specialised instruments and advanced surgical techniques.

MICS may be considered for various cardiac conditions, including:

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR)
Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement (MVR)
Double Valve Replacement (DVR)
Selected combined bypass and valve procedures
Selected congenital heart defects

However, whether a patient is suitable for MICS depends on several factors, including the complexity of the cardiac condition, anatomical considerations, associated medical conditions and the expertise of the surgical team.

Conventional Open-Heart Surgery vs MICS: Understanding the Difference

Traditional open-heart surgery generally involves a median sternotomy, where the breastbone is divided to provide surgeons with direct and extensive access to the heart.

This approach offers excellent visibility and greater freedom to perform complex surgical manoeuvres, making it particularly valuable in advanced or complicated cardiac conditions.

However, the procedure also involves considerable surgical trauma to the chest wall and breastbone. Patients generally experience greater postoperative discomfort, require a longer period for sternal healing and may face an extended recovery period before resuming normal activities.

MICS offers an alternative approach by reducing the extent of surgical access without necessarily compromising the intended cardiac correction.

Since many MICS procedures avoid dividing the breastbone, patients may benefit from:

Smaller surgical incisions and reduced tissue trauma
Less postoperative pain and blood loss
Lower risk of certain wound-related complications
Shorter hospitalisation in selected cases
Faster mobilisation and return to routine activities
Smaller postoperative scars

Importantly, these advantages depend on the type of surgery, the patient’s clinical condition and the surgical approach adopted.

Why Is MICS Not Suitable for Every Patient?

Despite its considerable advantages, minimally invasive cardiac surgery is technically more demanding than conventional open-heart surgery.

In traditional surgery, the surgeon has extensive access to the heart, making it comparatively easier to visualise and operate on different cardiac structures.

MICS, however, involves working through a restricted surgical opening, where visibility, instrument movement and access to certain anatomical locations are considerably limited. These restrictions become particularly significant in complex cardiac procedures.

For instance, in patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease, all three major coronary arteries are affected by significant blockages. Performing multiple bypass grafts through a limited incision requires exceptional surgical precision, particularly when the affected vessels are located across different regions of the heart.

Similarly, patients requiring simultaneous coronary bypass and valve replacement present additional challenges because the surgeon must address multiple cardiac structures through the same restricted access.

Other factors that may limit the feasibility of MICS include severe coronary calcification, difficult vessel anatomy, certain chest wall abnormalities, extensive adhesions from previous surgery, haemodynamic instability and some forms of advanced cardiac dysfunction.

Consequently, complex multivessel bypass procedures, combined cardiac surgeries and certain congenital heart operations have traditionally been considered unsuitable for minimally invasive approaches.

However, many of these limitations are relative rather than absolute. With advancements in technology, refined surgical techniques and increasing surgical expertise, procedures once considered beyond the scope of MICS are becoming feasible in carefully selected patients.

B. P. Poddar Hospital: Nearly a Decade of Advancing MICS

Recognised among the pioneering centres for minimally invasive cardiac surgery in Eastern India, B. P. Poddar Hospital has been at the forefront of developing and expanding MICS capabilities.

With almost a decade of experience, the hospital established its expertise through its signature 4-Inch Cut Heart Bypass, demonstrating that coronary bypass surgery could be performed without the conventional full sternotomy.

Over the years, continuous advancements in surgical technology, instrumentation and operative techniques have enabled the cardiac surgical team to further minimise surgical access.

Today, selected MICS procedures at B. P. Poddar Hospital are routinely performed through incisions as small as 2.5 inches.

Spearheaded by Dr. Md. Rashid Zeya Ayubi, Consultant CTVS Surgeon, the hospital’s MICS programme has progressively evolved from minimally invasive coronary bypass procedures to technically demanding multivessel and combined cardiac surgeries.

The programme encompasses complex CABG procedures, including triple vessel disease, alongside selected cases requiring coronary bypass combined with Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR), Mitral Valve Replacement (MVR) and Double Valve Replacement (DVR).

The objective is not merely to reduce incision size but to expand the range of patients who may safely benefit from minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Advancing Coronary Bypass Surgery with RIMA–LIMA Arterial Grafting

An important area of expertise at B. P. Poddar Hospital is the use of advanced arterial grafting techniques, including RIMA–LIMA grafting, in coronary bypass surgery.

During CABG, surgeons create alternative pathways for blood to flow around blocked coronary arteries using healthy blood vessels taken from other parts of the body.

Conventionally, these grafts may include the Left Internal Mammary Artery (LIMA), the Right Internal Mammary Artery (RIMA) and segments of the Saphenous Vein, commonly harvested from the leg.

The internal mammary arteries, located along the inner chest wall, are particularly valued for their long-term durability and resistance to atherosclerotic disease. By strategically using both the Right and Left Internal Mammary Arteries, surgeons can establish arterial bypass grafts to restore blood circulation to affected coronary territories.

In appropriately selected patients, RIMA–LIMA arterial grafting can eliminate the need for Saphenous Vein Graft (SVG) harvesting, thereby avoiding an additional incision in the leg.

Beyond reducing surgical trauma, arterial grafting offers important long-term advantages because internal mammary artery grafts generally demonstrate superior long-term patency compared with conventional vein grafts.

However, the feasibility of using exclusively arterial grafts depends on the number and location of coronary blockages, vessel suitability and individual patient requirements.

Under the surgical leadership of Dr. Rashid Zeya Ayubi, B. P. Poddar Hospital continues to incorporate advanced arterial grafting strategies as part of its evolving MICS programme.

Endoscopic SVG Harvesting: Minimising Trauma Beyond the Chest

In patients where Saphenous Vein Grafts remain necessary, B. P. Poddar Hospital also employs Endoscopic Vein Harvesting (EVH).

Traditionally, harvesting the saphenous vein involves a relatively long incision along the leg to remove the required segment of the blood vessel.

Endoscopic harvesting, however, enables surgeons to retrieve the vein through one or more small incisions using specialised instruments and camera-guided visualisation.

This technique can significantly reduce leg wound complications, postoperative discomfort and scarring compared with conventional open vein harvesting.

The integration of RIMA–LIMA arterial grafting and endoscopic SVG harvesting reflects the hospital’s broader approach towards minimising surgical trauma wherever clinically appropriate.

Breaking Conventional Barriers: Complex Multivessel MICS-CABG

One of the most significant challenges in minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery is performing multiple grafts across different coronary territories through a restricted surgical opening.

Patients with extensive triple vessel disease, particularly those requiring three or four bypass grafts, are frequently considered for conventional sternotomy because of the technical complexity involved.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital, however, the surgical team led by Dr. Rashid Zeya Ayubi has been progressively extending these boundaries.

Among several complex procedures performed at the hospital, a particularly noteworthy case involved a 45-year-old patient with advanced triple vessel coronary artery disease, including significant involvement of the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery.

The severity and distribution of the blockages would ordinarily favour conventional open-heart bypass surgery.

However, Dr. Rashid Zeya Ayubi and his team successfully performed a rare four-graft Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (MICS-CABG) procedure through a single limited incision between the ribs.

The procedure involved grafting the LIMA to the LAD, along with sequential saphenous vein grafting to three additional coronary targets, achieving revascularisation across both left and right coronary territories.

The case, reported by The Times of India, demonstrated how specialised expertise can overcome two major limitations traditionally associated with MICS: the number of grafts that can be performed and the anatomical territories that can be accessed.

Rather than representing an isolated achievement, this procedure reflects the hospital’s expanding experience in increasingly complex minimally invasive cardiac interventions.

Extending Surgical Expertise to Complex Congenital Heart Disease

The surgical expertise of B. P. Poddar Hospital also extends to paediatric cardiac surgery, particularly the management of complex congenital heart defects.

Congenital heart diseases present a distinct set of surgical challenges, as structural abnormalities in the heart may require intricate reconstruction and precise corrective interventions, sometimes within the first few days of life.

The hospital’s paediatric cardiac surgical programme, led by Dr. Rashid Zeya Ayubi, encompasses specialised management of congenital cardiac conditions, including minimally invasive approaches in appropriately selected cases.

A notable demonstration of the team’s expertise involved a 12-day-old newborn suffering from obstructed Infracardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), a rare and life-threatening congenital heart defect.

In this condition, the pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs connect abnormally to the systemic venous circulation instead of the left atrium.

The resulting obstruction can cause severe respiratory distress and rapid deterioration, making emergency surgical correction essential.

Dr. Rashid Zeya Ayubi and his team successfully performed a complex six-hour corrective cardiac surgery, following which the newborn recovered under specialised postoperative care and was subsequently discharged.

The case, also reported by The Times of India, highlights the hospital’s ability to undertake technically demanding cardiac interventions across an exceptionally broad age spectrum.

While the surgical approach must always be determined by the patient’s anatomy and clinical condition, such expertise provides an important foundation for advancing minimally invasive techniques in selected paediatric cardiac procedures.

Minimising Incisions. Expanding Possibilities.

The evolution of minimally invasive cardiac surgery is no longer defined solely by the size of the incision.

Its true significance lies in progressively overcoming anatomical and technical limitations while maintaining the safety, precision and effectiveness of complex cardiac interventions.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital, the integration of advanced surgical technologies, RIMA–LIMA arterial grafting, endoscopic vein harvesting and specialised expertise in complex coronary, valvular and congenital cardiac surgeries has helped broaden the scope of MICS.

Under the leadership of Dr. Md. Rashid Zeya Ayubi, Consultant CTVS Surgeon, the hospital continues to push the boundaries of minimally invasive cardiac surgery, making increasingly complex cardiac procedures accessible through smaller surgical incisions in appropriately selected patients.

From its signature 4-Inch Cut Heart Bypass to advanced procedures performed through incisions as small as 2.5 inches, the hospital’s continuing journey reflects an important shift in modern cardiac surgery.

Because the future of minimally invasive cardiac surgery is not just about making smaller incisions. It is about minimising limitations and expanding possibilities.

For expert consultation regarding Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Complex Valve Surgery and Congenital Heart Disease, contact the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS), B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata.

Featured Cases in the News (Digital Media)

Rare Four-Graft Minimally Invasive CABG at B. P. Poddar Hospital- Surgery by Dr. Md. Rashid Zeya Ayubi

The Times of India | Read the published report

Rare Six-Hour Cardiac Surgery on a 12-Day-Old Newborn- Surgery by Dr. Md. Rashid Zeya Ayubi

The Times of India | Read the published report

Featured Cases in the News (Print Media)

Every movement matters—from getting out of bed in the morning and climbing a flight of stairs to working, travelling, exercising or simply enjoying time with family. Yet for people living with arthritis, something as ordinary as movement can gradually become painful and difficult.

Observed every year on 12 October, World Arthritis Day raises awareness about arthritis and other rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions and their impact on everyday life. The World Arthritis Day 2026 theme, “Achieve Your Dreams,” reminds us that joint disease should not define a person’s aspirations. With greater awareness, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people can continue to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Arthritis Is More Than Just Joint Pain

Arthritis is not a single disease. It is an umbrella term covering more than 100 types of arthritis and related conditions that can affect the joints and surrounding structures. Common symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness and reduced range of movement.

Although arthritis is often associated with ageing, it can affect people across different age groups. The underlying cause and pattern of symptoms can also vary significantly depending on the type of arthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA): A condition in which changes in the joint, including breakdown of protective cartilage, can lead to pain, stiffness and difficulty in movement. The knees, hips and small joints of the hands are commonly affected.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): An inflammatory autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the joints, resulting in pain, swelling and stiffness. Early recognition is important because persistent inflammation can progressively damage the joints.

Gouty Arthritis: Caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals within a joint, gout can produce sudden episodes of intense pain, swelling and warmth, often involving the big toe.

Psoriatic Arthritis: An inflammatory form of arthritis that may occur in people with psoriasis and can affect different joints as well as the spine.

Ankylosing Spondylitis: A chronic inflammatory condition that predominantly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, commonly causing persistent back pain and stiffness.

Infective Arthritis: Arthritis caused by an infection within a joint. It can require urgent medical attention to prevent serious joint damage.

Recognise the Warning Signs

Occasional aches after strenuous activity may not always indicate arthritis. However, persistent or recurring symptoms should not simply be ignored as a normal part of ageing.

Persistent pain in one or more joints
Joint swelling, tenderness or warmth
Stiffness, particularly after waking up or remaining inactive
Difficulty bending or moving a joint normally
Reduced ability to walk, climb stairs or perform routine activities
Recurrent episodes of sudden, severe joint pain
Persistent lower back stiffness, particularly in younger adults

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

One of the biggest mistakes people make with joint pain is waiting until it becomes severe enough to interfere with everyday life.

The type of arthritis matters because treatment for osteoarthritis may be very different from treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, gout or another inflammatory condition. Identifying the underlying problem allows the doctor to develop an appropriate management plan.

Depending on the symptoms, evaluation may include a detailed medical history, physical examination, imaging such as X-rays, and selected blood or other investigations. Not every patient requires the same tests.

For certain inflammatory forms of arthritis, timely treatment is particularly important because controlling inflammation can help protect joint function and reduce the risk of progressive damage.

Managing Arthritis: Treatment Goes Beyond Pain Relief

Arthritis management is not simply about taking a painkiller whenever a joint hurts. Treatment depends on the type of arthritis, its severity, the joints involved, the patient’s age and overall health.

A comprehensive treatment plan may include medication, physiotherapy, exercise, weight management, lifestyle modification and other supportive measures. In advanced cases where significant joint damage causes persistent pain and loss of mobility, surgical treatment, including joint replacement, may be considered after appropriate evaluation.

Small Changes Can Make a Meaningful Difference

Keep moving: Appropriate physical activity helps maintain joint mobility, muscle strength and overall fitness. The type and intensity of exercise should be suited to the individual’s condition.

Maintain a healthy body weight: Excess body weight can place additional stress on weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips.

Avoid prolonged inactivity: Remaining in the same position for extended periods may increase stiffness. Regular gentle movement can help.

Protect your joints: Correct posture, appropriate footwear and proper techniques while lifting or exercising can reduce unnecessary stress on joints.

Do not self-medicate for persistent pain: Repeatedly taking pain-relieving medicines without identifying the cause can delay appropriate evaluation and treatment.

Arthritis Does Not Have to Define Your Future

Living with arthritis can affect much more than the joints. Persistent pain and reduced mobility can interfere with work, independence, exercise, travel and social activities. This is precisely why the message behind World Arthritis Day 2026 is so relevant.

“Achieve Your Dreams” is not simply about overcoming pain. It is about ensuring that people affected by arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions have the opportunity to continue pursuing the things that matter to them—with timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment and continued support.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., patients with joint and musculoskeletal problems can receive comprehensive evaluation and appropriate treatment based on their individual condition. Our Orthopaedic services focus on restoring mobility, reducing pain and helping patients return to their everyday activities, with advanced surgical care available when required.

This World Arthritis Day, remember: persistent joint pain is not something you have to simply learn to live with.

Recognise the signs. Seek timely care. Keep moving towards the life you want to live.

Need Help with Persistent Joint Pain?

If joint pain, stiffness, swelling or difficulty in movement is affecting your everyday life, consult a specialist for proper evaluation and personalised treatment.

FAQ

What are the common symptoms of arthritis?
Common symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, tenderness, reduced range of movement and difficulty performing routine activities.

What are the most common types of arthritis?
Common forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis. Other conditions include psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and infective arthritis.

At what age can arthritis occur?
Although some forms of arthritis become more common with advancing age, arthritis can affect people across different age groups depending on the underlying condition.

When should I consult a doctor for joint pain?
Persistent joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness, reduced mobility or recurrent episodes of severe joint pain should be medically evaluated.

Can arthritis be treated?
Treatment depends on the type and severity of arthritis. Management may include medication, physiotherapy, exercise, weight management, lifestyle modification and, in selected advanced cases, surgical treatment.

Which hospital in Kolkata provides treatment for arthritis and joint problems?
B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., New Alipore, Kolkata provides comprehensive Orthopaedic evaluation and treatment for joint and musculoskeletal conditions.A fever, a severe headache or unusual drowsiness may initially seem like signs of a common illness. However, when symptoms develop rapidly or occur alongside neck stiffness, confusion or seizures, they need immediate medical attention.

Observed on 5 October, World Meningitis Day raises awareness of a condition that can affect people of all ages. It highlights the importance of prevention, recognising warning signs, accessing timely treatment and supporting those living with its after-effects.

What Is Meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges—the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms.

Bacterial meningitis is particularly serious and can become life-threatening within hours. Several bacteria can cause it, including those responsible for meningococcal and pneumococcal infections. Tuberculosis can also cause meningitis.

Viral meningitis is often less severe, but it still requires medical assessment. Some patients, particularly newborns and people with weakened immunity, can develop serious illness. Symptoms alone cannot reliably establish the cause or determine whether it is safe to remain at home.

Meningitis Symptoms You Should Recognise

Warning signs in adults and older children may include:

Fever with a severe or worsening headache
Neck stiffness or discomfort when moving the neck
Vomiting and sensitivity to bright light
Confusion, unusual behaviour or reduced alertness
Excessive sleepiness or difficulty waking
Seizures

Babies may show different signs, such as feeding poorly, becoming unusually irritable, crying in an unfamiliar high-pitched manner, appearing floppy or less responsive, or developing a bulging soft spot on the head.

Do not wait for every symptom to appear. A person with meningitis may have only some of these features.

Does Meningitis Always Cause a Rash?

No. A red or purple rash that does not fade under pressure can occur with meningococcal bloodstream infection, but a rash may be absent, particularly early in the illness. It may also be harder to recognise on darker skin.

The absence of a rash does not rule out meningitis or make it safe to delay care.

Who Is at Greater Risk?

Anyone can develop meningitis. However, babies, young children, adolescents, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may be more vulnerable to particular causes. Certain conditions, including an absent spleen or a cerebrospinal fluid leak, can also increase the risk of bacterial meningitis.

Close living arrangements, such as hostels and shared accommodation, can increase opportunities for meningococcal bacteria to spread.

Why Prompt Diagnosis and Treatment Matter

Suspected meningitis is a medical emergency. Bacterial infection can progress rapidly, causing complications affecting the brain and, in some cases, life-threatening sepsis.

Doctors assess the patient and may arrange blood tests and a lumbar puncture, when appropriate, to examine cerebrospinal fluid—the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Suspected bacterial meningitis requires prompt antibiotic treatment. Treatment must not be delayed while waiting for a lumbar puncture or its results. Additional care depends on the patient’s condition and may include medicines to reduce inflammation and management of complications.

Treatment for viral meningitis differs. Many mild cases improve with supportive care, while severe illness or certain viral causes may require hospital admission or antiviral medicines. A doctor should determine the appropriate approach.

Can Meningitis Be Prevented?

Vaccination protects against several important causes of meningitis, including Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcus and meningococcus. No single vaccine prevents every type. Discuss age-appropriate vaccination and any additional protection needed for medical conditions, travel or exposure risks with your doctor.

Regular handwashing and cleaning frequently touched surfaces help reduce the spread of infections that can cause viral meningitis.

Meningococcal bacteria spread through respiratory and throat secretions, usually during close or prolonged contact. Close contacts of someone with meningococcal disease need prompt medical advice because preventive antibiotics may be required, even if they feel well. A healthcare professional should determine who needs them.

Recovery May Need Continued Care

Some people recover fully, while others experience hearing difficulties, seizures, problems with movement, or changes in memory and concentration. Follow-up care helps identify these problems and arrange appropriate support. Recovery deserves attention beyond the initial hospital stay.

Awareness and Care at B. P. Poddar Hospital

P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., New Alipore, Kolkata, brings together Emergency, Neurology, Paediatrics and Critical Care services to support coordinated assessment and treatment.

This World Meningitis Day, learn the warning signs and discuss prevention with a qualified doctor. If meningitis is suspected, seek care at the nearest Emergency Department immediately. Do not wait for a routine appointment.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can adults develop meningitis?
Yes. Meningitis affects all age groups, including adults and older people. The likely cause and level of risk vary with age and health conditions.

Is meningitis contagious?
Some bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis can spread between people. The route of transmission depends on the organism; exposure does not necessarily mean someone will develop meningitis.

Can a vaccinated person still develop meningitis?
Yes. Vaccines provide protection against specific causes, but they do not cover every organism or strain. Concerning symptoms still require urgent assessment.Constipation that keeps returning can be uncomfortable and worrying, especially when laxatives provide only temporary relief. It can also raise a question: is a colonoscopy necessary to find the cause?

Chronic constipation alone does not automatically require a colonoscopy. If there are no warning signs and appropriate colorectal cancer screening is up to date, a doctor will often begin with a clinical assessment and treatment. A colonoscopy becomes more useful when there is a reason to look for an underlying disease in the bowel. ^[6]

What chronic constipation can look like

Constipation can mean hard stools, repeated straining, infrequent bowel movements or a feeling that the bowel has not emptied fully. It can occur even in someone who passes stool every day. When symptoms persist or recur over months, an assessment can help identify what is contributing to them. ^[6]

Possible causes include insufficient fibre, dehydration, certain medicines, slow movement of stool through the colon and difficulty coordinating the muscles used to pass stool. Conditions such as an underactive thyroid or irritable bowel syndrome may also contribute. ^[7]

What the doctor checks first

Your gastroenterologist will ask when the symptoms began, how your bowel habits have changed, what treatment you have tried and whether there is a family history of bowel cancer. A medication review, abdominal examination and, where appropriate, a rectal examination can provide useful information. Blood or stool tests are selected according to the findings. ^[8]

Bring a short record of stool frequency, stool consistency, straining and any bleeding, along with your current medicines and previous reports. This helps the consultation focus on the pattern of your symptoms.

When a colonoscopy may be recommended

A colonoscopy allows the doctor to examine the lining of the colon and rectum, take tissue samples and remove suitable polyps. It may be advised when constipation occurs with findings such as:

Blood in the stool or recurrent rectal bleeding.
Unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia or unintentional weight loss.
A new, persistent change in bowel habits, particularly later in life, or other concerning findings on examination.
An abnormal stool test suggesting bleeding, or a relevant personal or family history that increases concern about colorectal disease. ^{[6, 9, 10]}

Being due for colorectal cancer screening, or follow-up after previous polyps, may be a separate reason for colonoscopy. The decision depends on age, risk, earlier test results and local recommendations. Constipation does not establish a diagnosis of cancer. ^[10]

When constipation needs a different type of test

A normal colonoscopy can be reassuring, but it does not measure every aspect of bowel function. If symptoms continue despite an adequate treatment trial, the next step may be to assess how stool moves or how the muscles work during evacuation. ^[8]

Anorectal manometry and a balloon-expulsion test can assess muscle coordination and the ability to pass stool. A colonic transit study helps assess how quickly stool moves through the large bowel. Persistent constipation therefore calls for a review of the cause, rather than automatically repeating colonoscopy. ^{[8, 12]}

Symptoms that need urgent attention

Severe or worsening abdominal pain, vomiting, marked abdominal swelling or an inability to pass gas need urgent medical assessment. Do not wait for a routine colonoscopy appointment when these symptoms develop. ^[7]

If a colonoscopy is advised

The bowel needs to be thoroughly cleaned so the doctor can see its lining. Follow the prescribed diet and laxative schedule, and tell the team about longstanding constipation, previous difficulty with bowel preparation and all your medicines. Contact the unit if you cannot complete the preparation; do not add extra doses yourself. ^[10]

Frequently asked questions

Does needing laxatives mean I need a colonoscopy?
No. The decision depends on warning signs, your examination and screening history, not simply on laxative use. Ongoing symptoms deserve a treatment review. ^[6]

Will a colonoscopy cure constipation?
Colonoscopy mainly helps identify problems in the bowel lining. Treatment still needs to address the cause of constipation, which may involve medicines, diet or therapy for a muscle-coordination problem. ^{[6, 12]}

Gastroenterology consultation in Kolkata

For persistent constipation, consult the Gastroenterology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata. An individual assessment can help determine whether you need colonoscopy, another investigation or a change in treatment. ^[11]

Source references

NIDDK — Upper GI Endoscopy
NHS — Gastroscopy
University College London Hospitals — Gastroscopy guide for patients
American Society of Anesthesiologists — Multi-society guidance on GLP-1 medicines before procedures
American Society of Anesthesiologists — Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting
American Gastroenterological Association — Constipation patient information
NIDDK — Symptoms and Causes of Constipation
NIDDK — Diagnosis of Constipation
Indian Motility and Functional Diseases Association and Indian Society of Gastroenterology — Indian consensus on chronic constipation in adults
NIDDK — Colonoscopy
B. P. Poddar Hospital — Gastroenterology Department
American Gastroenterological Association — Evaluation and management of refractory constipation

Preparing for an endoscopy involves more than skipping breakfast. Knowing when to stop eating and drinking, which medicines need review and whether you need someone to accompany you helps the procedure go ahead safely.

This guide covers upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, also called gastroscopy or OGD, in adults. It examines the food pipe, stomach and first part of the small intestine. Colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy and other procedures have different preparation requirements. ^[1]

Why an empty stomach matters

Food remaining in the stomach can obscure the lining and make the examination difficult. During sedation, stomach contents can also come back up and enter the lungs, a complication called aspiration. Following the fasting instructions helps reduce these risks. ^{[1, 4]}

Your endoscopy team’s written instructions take priority over general advice. Check whether the fasting deadline is calculated from your arrival time or the expected procedure time, and call the unit if anything is unclear.

What to eat and drink before the test

Many services ask patients to avoid solid food for at least six to eight hours before an upper endoscopy. Some allow small sips of water until two hours beforehand, while others require a longer period without any intake. Use the schedule given for your appointment. ^[1–3]

Food or drink	Preparation guidance
Solid meals and snacks	Finish eating before your stated food deadline. A light meal beforehand may be easier to plan than a heavy or fried meal, which can take longer to leave the stomach.
Water and clear drinks	Drink only what your unit permits, and only until its stated deadline. Some protocols allow water or plain tea and coffee without milk; permission varies between units.
Milk and thick drinks	Milk tea, coffee with milk, lassi, smoothies and juice with pulp are not clear fluids. Do not assume they are allowed during the period when water is permitted.

The food and drink categories above are general guidance; your unit may give stricter instructions. Once your fluid deadline has passed, do not eat or drink unless the clinical team has specifically authorised medicine with a sip of water. ^{[2, 3, 5]}

Medicines that need advance planning

Share a complete list of prescription medicines, over-the-counter products and supplements. Ask specifically about blood thinners and antiplatelet medicines, insulin, other diabetes medicines and acid-suppressing treatment. Some can be continued, while others require an individual plan. Do not stop prescribed treatment or change doses yourself. ^{[1, 3]}

Tell the team if you take semaglutide or similar medicines for diabetes or weight management. These can delay stomach emptying. Preparation may need changing according to your dose, recent dose increases and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or bloating. There is no single stopping rule that applies to everyone. ^[4]

If you have diabetes, ask how to monitor your glucose while fasting and what to do if it falls too low. Also mention allergies, pregnancy, sleep apnoea and any previous problem with sedation.

What to avoid and arrange beforehand

Avoid alcohol before the procedure and follow the unit’s instructions about smoking, chewing gum and sweets during fasting.
If you eat or drink after the deadline, tell the team what you had and when. They may need to delay the examination for safety.
If sedation is planned, arrange for a responsible adult to take you home and stay with you afterwards. Do not plan to drive, operate machinery or make important decisions for 24 hours after sedation. ^{[2, 3]}

Frequently asked questions

Can I drink water on the morning of the test?
Only within the window your endoscopy unit permits. A general “two-hour rule” should never replace the instructions for your own appointment. ^[3]

Do I need laxatives before an upper endoscopy?
Routine upper endoscopy usually requires fasting rather than a bowel-cleansing laxative. If a colonoscopy is also planned, you will need separate bowel preparation. ^{[1, 10]}

When can I eat afterwards?
Wait until the team says it is safe. If throat spray was used, the numbness must wear off and swallowing must be safe before food or drink. ^[3]

Endoscopy at B P Poddar Hospital

For endoscopy in Kolkata, contact the Gastroenterology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore. Confirm your fasting schedule, medicine plan and arrangements for sedation with the team before the appointment. ^[11]

Source references

NIDDK — Upper GI Endoscopy
NHS — Gastroscopy
University College London Hospitals — Gastroscopy guide for patients
American Society of Anesthesiologists — Multi-society guidance on GLP-1 medicines before procedures
American Society of Anesthesiologists — Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting
American Gastroenterological Association — Constipation patient information
NIDDK — Symptoms and Causes of Constipation
NIDDK — Diagnosis of Constipation
Indian Motility and Functional Diseases Association and Indian Society of Gastroenterology — Indian consensus on chronic constipation in adults
NIDDK — Colonoscopy
B. P. Poddar Hospital — Gastroenterology Department
American Gastroenterological Association — Evaluation and management of refractory constipation

A young age and an active routine can make a heart attack seem unlikely. Yet younger adults can develop coronary artery disease, and chest discomfort may be dismissed as acidity, stress or muscle strain. Knowing your risk factors and recognising concerning symptoms can help prevent a dangerous delay in treatment.

Research presented by the American College of Cardiology in 2019 found a growing proportion of patients aged 40 or younger within a US group of heart attack patients under 50, treated between 2000 and 2016. This finding does not establish a current rate for India, but it supports taking heart health seriously well before middle age. ^[9]

Why younger adults can be at risk

A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle is damaged because its blood supply is severely reduced or interrupted. A common cause is a clot forming over a disrupted plaque in a coronary artery. Risk can build up over years, even when a person feels healthy. ^[2]

Smoking and tobacco use damage blood vessels and increase cardiovascular risk. Occasional smoking should not be treated as harmless.
High blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes may be present without obvious symptoms. When unrecognised or poorly controlled, they can contribute to early heart disease.
Family history matters. A parent or sibling who developed heart disease at a young age is a reason to discuss earlier risk assessment. Inherited high cholesterol can affect people who are lean and physically active. ^[10]
Prolonged inactivity, excess weight and an unhealthy diet can worsen blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Regular exercise helps, but cannot remove every other risk factor. ^[12]
Insufficient sleep and ongoing stress can affect heart health and make healthy routines harder to maintain. Addressing them belongs alongside treatment of established medical risks. ^[8]

Warning signs you should recognise

Heart attack symptoms can begin suddenly or develop gradually. Warning signs include:

Pressure, tightness, heaviness or pain in the chest.
Pain or discomfort spreading to the arm, shoulder, jaw, neck, back or upper abdomen.
Unexpected breathlessness, cold sweating, nausea or vomiting.
Sudden dizziness, faintness or marked unexplained weakness. ^{[4, 5]}

Do not wait for all these symptoms to appear together. Severe chest pain is not always present. Chest discomfort remains the most common symptom in both women and men, but women may also experience nausea, breathlessness or unusual tiredness. Being young should never be the reason for dismissing these symptoms. ^[4]

What to do if a heart attack is suspected

Stop what you are doing and call emergency services for an ambulance. Do not drive yourself or continue exercising to see whether the discomfort passes. Follow the emergency dispatcher’s instructions and avoid delaying help while trying antacids or other home remedies. Prompt treatment can limit damage to the heart muscle. ^[5]

Reduce risk before symptoms appear

Start by knowing your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Discuss how often to check them with a doctor, particularly if you smoke, have diabetes or have a family history of early heart disease. An assessment should reflect your individual risk; it does not mean that every healthy young adult needs an angiogram or a treadmill test. ^[6]

Build regular physical activity into your week and take breaks from long periods of sitting. Choose vegetables, fruit, pulses, whole grains and suitable protein sources more often, while limiting excess salt, sugary drinks and foods high in saturated fat. Avoid tobacco, aim for a healthy weight and take prescribed medicines consistently. ^{[8, 12]}

Frequently asked questions

Can a fit person have a heart attack?
Yes. Fitness is beneficial, but appearance and exercise habits cannot reveal every underlying risk, including inherited cholesterol problems or undiagnosed diabetes. ^[10]

Should I wait until I am older to check my heart health?
No. Discuss your risk factors during routine medical care. The timing and type of tests should depend on your history and symptoms. ^[6]

Plan a cardiac consultation

If you are seeking a cardiology hospital in Kolkata for a preventive consultation or assessment of recurring symptoms, contact B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore. Our Cardiology Department can help assess your risk and guide further care. For suspected heart attack symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately. ^[11]

Source references

NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Symptoms
NHLBI — Heart Attack Causes and Risk Factors
NHS — Heart block
American Heart Association — Warning Signs of a Heart Attack
NHLBI — Heart Attack Symptoms
NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosis
NHLBI — Heart Attack Diagnosis
NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Treatment
American College of Cardiology — Heart Attacks Increasingly Common in Young Adults
American Heart Association — Understand Your Risks to Prevent a Heart Attack
B. P. Poddar Hospital — Hospital and cardiology services
American Heart Association — Lifestyle Changes to Prevent a Heart Attack

A familiar flight of stairs suddenly leaves you breathless. Your chest feels heavy during a walk, but the discomfort settles when you stop. These changes can have several causes, yet they deserve attention when they are new, recurring or getting worse.

Recognising possible symptoms of reduced blood flow to the heart can help you seek assessment promptly. Some people, however, have no warning symptoms before a heart attack. Feeling well does not always mean that the coronary arteries are healthy. ^[1]

What heart blockage means

In everyday language, “heart blockage” usually means narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Fatty deposits called plaque can build up in their walls and restrict blood flow. If a plaque ruptures and a clot forms, the blood supply may suddenly fall enough to cause a heart attack. ^[2]

This differs from electrical heart block, a condition in which the signals controlling the heartbeat are delayed or interrupted. The two conditions require different assessments and treatment. ^[3]

Symptoms that deserve attention

Chest pressure or heaviness. A squeezing, tight or heavy sensation may appear during walking, climbing stairs or emotional stress. Discomfort that improves with rest still needs medical assessment.
Breathlessness during familiar activities. Becoming unusually short of breath while doing tasks you previously managed comfortably can be a warning sign, with or without chest discomfort.
Discomfort beyond the chest. Heart-related pain can be felt in one or both arms, the shoulders, jaw, neck or back. It is not always confined to the left side.
An unexplained drop in stamina. Persistent, unusual tiredness or difficulty keeping up with your normal routine warrants a discussion with a doctor, particularly when accompanied by breathlessness or chest discomfort. ^{[1, 4]}

Fatigue and breathlessness also occur with many other conditions. Symptoms alone cannot confirm a blockage or show how severe it is. A doctor needs to consider the pattern, your health history and appropriate test results.

When to seek emergency care

New or severe chest discomfort, symptoms at rest, or discomfort that persists or keeps returning may indicate a heart attack. Cold sweating, nausea, faintness or sudden breathlessness make the situation especially concerning. A heart attack can also occur without prominent chest pain. ^[4]

If you suspect a heart attack, call emergency services immediately and request an ambulance. Do not drive yourself, wait for an OPD appointment or delay care while trying home remedies for acidity. You do not need to be certain of the diagnosis before seeking help. ^[5]

How a cardiologist assesses possible blockage

Assessment starts with your symptoms, blood pressure, medical history and family history. Smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure help determine your risk. Depending on the findings, tests may include an ECG, blood tests, a stress test, coronary CT angiography or invasive coronary angiography. Not everyone needs every test. ^[6]

When a heart attack is suspected, urgent assessment usually includes an ECG and blood tests such as troponin. These blood tests may need repeating to detect changes over time. ^[7]

Treatment depends on the individual

A diagnosed blockage does not automatically mean that a stent or bypass surgery is needed. Treatment may involve medicines and changes to smoking, diet, activity and other risk factors. Angioplasty with a stent or coronary bypass surgery may be advised according to symptoms, the affected arteries and the clinical situation. ^[8]

Frequently asked questions

Can heart blockage be present without chest pain?
Yes. Some people have breathlessness or other symptoms, while others have no noticeable symptoms. Risk assessment remains useful even when you feel well. ^[1]

Can diet and exercise replace treatment?
Healthy habits support treatment and help reduce future risk. They should not replace prescribed medicines or a recommended procedure. ^[8]

Cardiac assessment at B P Poddar Hospital

For recurring symptoms or a review of your cardiac risk, consult the Cardiology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata. An individual assessment can guide the next steps in diagnosis and care. Symptoms suggesting a heart attack require immediate emergency treatment. ^[11]

Source references

NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Symptoms
NHLBI — Heart Attack Causes and Risk Factors
NHS — Heart block
American Heart Association — Warning Signs of a Heart Attack
NHLBI — Heart Attack Symptoms
NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosis
NHLBI — Heart Attack Diagnosis
NHLBI — Coronary Heart Disease Treatment
American College of Cardiology — Heart Attacks Increasingly Common in Young Adults
American Heart Association — Understand Your Risks to Prevent a Heart Attack
B. P. Poddar Hospital — Hospital and cardiology services
American Heart Association — Lifestyle Changes to Prevent a Heart Attack

Introduction

Our breathing is only possible through the functioning of our lungs. Our lungs help us breathe oxygen, but also assist in our routine tasks like walking, exercising, or speaking.

When we talk of lung health, we tend to think about smoking as the first risk factor. Although this is certainly true, lung health is affected by many other factors apart from exposure to smoke. The pollution of air, respiratory diseases, allergens, and occupational hazards may also affect our lungs.

World Lung Day 2026 offers us the chance to move out of the one-factor approach towards the recognition of the importance of our lungs.

Why Lung Health Matters

Lungs play a key role in the respiratory system. This organ brings oxygen to the body and also helps eliminate carbon dioxide through exhalation. Healthy lungs enable the body to get the oxygen it requires.

When the functioning of the lungs is hampered, the individual may exhibit symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, or inability to engage in strenuous activities. The onset of some respiratory illnesses may be gradual; thus, one should not overlook any breathing changes.

It is therefore vital to take care of one's lungs to ensure overall good health.

Lung Health Is More Than Just Smoking

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for several lung and respiratory conditions. However, people who do not smoke can also experience lung-related health problems.

Air Pollution

Outdoor and indoor air pollution can expose the respiratory system to harmful particles and irritants. Traffic emissions, industrial pollution, smoke and other pollutants can affect air quality and may contribute to respiratory problems.

Reducing exposure to polluted air whenever possible and paying attention to local air-quality conditions can support better respiratory health.

Respiratory Infections

Viruses, bacteria and other infectious agents can affect the respiratory system. Some infections may cause temporary symptoms, while others can lead to more serious complications, particularly in vulnerable individuals.

Good respiratory hygiene, appropriate vaccination as advised by healthcare professionals and timely medical attention for concerning symptoms can help reduce health risks.

Allergens

Dust, pollen, mould, animal dander and other allergens can trigger respiratory symptoms in susceptible individuals. Allergic reactions may lead to coughing, sneezing, wheezing or breathing difficulties.

Identifying personal triggers and reducing exposure can be helpful for people who experience allergy-related respiratory symptoms.

Occupational Exposure

Certain workplaces may expose people to dust, fumes, chemicals or other substances that can affect respiratory health. Construction, manufacturing, mining, agriculture and some industrial occupations may involve such exposures.

Using appropriate protective equipment and following workplace safety measures can help reduce unnecessary exposure.

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

Our everyday environment can also influence respiratory well-being. Exposure to tobacco smoke, indoor pollutants and other irritants may place additional stress on the respiratory system.

Creating cleaner indoor spaces, avoiding second-hand smoke and maintaining an active lifestyle can form part of a broader approach to healthy living.

Signs That Should Not Be Ignored

Changes in breathing should not always be dismissed as temporary or insignificant. Depending on the cause, symptoms may include:

Persistent or recurring cough
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Chest discomfort
Difficulty breathing during usual activities
Recurrent respiratory infections
Unexplained reduction in exercise tolerance

Persistent, worsening or concerning symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional rather than self-diagnosed.

How Can You Protect Your Lung Health?

Protecting your lungs does not require a single action. Small, consistent steps can contribute to healthier respiratory habits.

Avoid tobacco smoke: Do not smoke, and avoid exposure to second-hand smoke whenever possible.

Be aware of air quality: Limit exposure to heavily polluted environments when practical and follow appropriate precautions.

Protect yourself at work: If your occupation involves dust, fumes or chemicals, use recommended protective equipment and follow workplace safety guidelines.

Manage allergies: Identify known triggers and follow medical advice if allergies regularly affect your breathing.

Stay physically active: Regular physical activity supports overall cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, when appropriate for your health.

Pay attention to symptoms: Do not ignore persistent coughing, breathlessness or other changes in breathing.

Seek medical advice when needed: Early assessment can help identify the possible cause of persistent respiratory symptoms and guide appropriate care.

Make Every Breath Count

Lung health is not only a concern for people who smoke. The air we breathe, the environments we work and live in, infections, allergens and several other factors can influence respiratory health.

This World Lung Day 2026, let’s broaden the conversation around lung health and recognise the many factors that can affect our ability to breathe well.

Know your risks. Protect your lungs. Take care of every breath.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital& Medical Research Ltd., we believe that awareness is an important step towards better health.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most difficult types of gynaecological cancers as its symptoms may be hard to identify and may mimic typical digestive system issues or bladder infections. Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is a great opportunity to educate people on symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer.

Awareness of your body and changes in it may be helpful for seeking medical advice earlier.

What Is Ovarian Cancer?

It is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within or near the ovaries that results in ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer can affect other organs such as the fallopian tubes and abdominal lining in which case the cancers can be managed in a similar way depending on their nature.

Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system whose main function is to produce eggs and hormones. Even though ovarian cancer can be diagnosed among women of various ages, it is common among women who have already undergone menopause.

Why Is Ovarian Cancer Difficult to Detect Early?

One of the biggest problems with ovarian cancer is that there are often no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. In some cases, when symptoms do arise, they can be misinterpreted as ordinary problems with either the gastrointestinal tract or urinary system.

At present, there are no accepted recommendations regarding any screening for ovarian cancer in women at average risk and who are asymptomatic. Procedures such as the transvaginal ultrasound scan and CA-125 blood test are valuable in certain clinical scenarios, but are unreliable as screening tools for average-risk women.

This emphasizes the importance of being aware of the symptoms.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

The signs of ovarian cancer can often go unnoticed, especially if they occur on a rare occasion. Nevertheless, they cannot be taken lightly.

They include:

Bloating or distension
Pain in the pelvis or lower abdomen
Saturation after meals
Loss of appetite
Having to urinate frequently or urgently
Unusual changes in bowels habits
Digestive disorders such as constipation
Unexpected weight loss or gain
Feeling of fullness in the abdomen or pelvis

There are many causes for these symptoms which are unrelated to cancer. If the above symptoms persist, become frequent, or are out of your norm, visit a specialist.

Who May Be at Higher Risk of Ovarian Cancer?

Having a risk factor does not mean that a woman will develop ovarian cancer. However, knowing your individual risk can help you and your doctor make informed decisions.

Some factors associated with increased ovarian cancer risk include:

Family History

Having a close family member with ovarian cancer or certain other cancers may increase the risk. A strong family history should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Inherited Gene Changes

Inherited changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Lynch syndrome is another inherited condition associated with increased risk. Genetic counselling and testing may be considered for women with relevant personal or family histories.

Age

The risk of ovarian cancer generally increases with age, and the disease is more commonly diagnosed after menopause.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of ovarian cancer.

Other factors, including reproductive history, certain hormone therapies, excess body weight and other individual health factors, may also influence risk. Your doctor can help assess your overall risk rather than focusing on a single factor.

How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?

If ovarian cancer is suspected, the doctor may begin with a detailed medical and family history and a physical or pelvic examination.

Depending on the symptoms and clinical findings, further investigations may include:

Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI
Blood tests, including tumour markers when appropriate
Genetic counselling and genetic testing for selected patients
Biopsy or surgery to examine tissue and confirm the diagnosis

The exact tests required depend on the individual patient's symptoms and clinical situation.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

The treatment for ovarian cancer depends upon a number of factors, including the type and staging of the disease along with the general health of the patient and particular aspects of the tumour.

The following treatments are included in the treatment of ovarian cancer:

Surgery for the removal of cancerous tissue or other reproductive tissues where needed
Chemotherapy for killing or managing the cancer cells
Targeted therapy for treating cancers that have particular molecular characteristics
Hormonal therapy for a few cases of ovarian cancer
Many other advanced forms of treatment based on the patient’s situation

The treatment of the patient can be managed by a multidisciplinary team of cancer-care professionals.

Can Ovarian Cancer Be Prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer. However, understanding personal risk factors and discussing them with a healthcare professional can be important, particularly for women with a strong family history or inherited genetic risk.

For women with certain high-risk genetic conditions, doctors may discuss risk-reducing strategies, including preventive surgery in appropriate cases. Such decisions require individual assessment and specialist counselling.

Healthy lifestyle choices, regular healthcare consultations and awareness of changes in your body can also contribute to better overall health.

Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026: Listen to Your Body

Ovarian cancer does not always announce itself with a clear warning. Sometimes, the signs may seem ordinary—a bloated abdomen, persistent pelvic discomfort, changes in appetite or frequent urination.

But when a symptom is persistent, unusual or keeps returning, it deserves attention.

This Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026, take a moment to understand your risk, know the symptoms and encourage the women around you to prioritise their health. Early attention to concerning symptoms can help doctors investigate the cause and, when cancer is present, support timely diagnosis and treatment.

Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital for you and your loved ones.Blood cancer is a class of cancer which starts within the tissue that produces the blood such as bone marrow or cells of the immune system. As opposed to most forms of cancer, blood cancer does not form a solid tumor and impacts the ability of the blood cell production and functions. There are three types of blood cancer, namely leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an occasion to familiarize oneself with the disease, learn about the symptoms and the importance of seeking timely medical assistance. It should be noted that blood cancer can occur among patients of all age groups, with symptoms similar to the symptoms of other diseases.

Blood cancer, also referred to as hematologic cancer, develops from the tissues that produce blood or the cells in the immune system. The common forms include:

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

Each one is unique and needs a unique treatment strategy.

Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In cases where abnormal blood cells proliferate or malfunction, they may affect the ability of the body to produce normal blood cells.

Understanding the Major Types of Blood Cancer

Leukemia

Leukemia is the cancer that involves the tissues involved in the formation of blood, especially the bone marrow. This cancer leads to the development of unusual blood cells, leading to crowding of normal blood cells.

There are several categories of leukemia depending on the rate of its development and blood cells affected. Some of these types are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Various symptoms can be experienced depending on the type of leukemia; they include fatigue, infections, fever and easy bruising among others.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma develops in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. The two broad categories are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible symptoms can include:

Swollen lymph nodes
Persistent or unexplained fever
Night sweats
Unexplained weight loss
Ongoing fatigue
Itching or skin changes
Unexplained pain in certain parts of the body

These symptoms do not necessarily indicate lymphoma and can occur with several other conditions. Persistent symptoms should therefore be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which are immune cells that normally produce antibodies. Abnormal plasma cells can accumulate in the bone marrow and affect healthy blood-cell production. They can also damage bones and affect other organs, including the kidneys.

Possible symptoms include:

Bone pain, particularly in the back or ribs
Frequent infections
Persistent tiredness
Easy bruising or bleeding
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Bones that fracture more easily

Not everyone with multiple myeloma experiences symptoms initially, and some cases may be discovered during investigations performed for another reason.

Common Warning Signs of Blood Cancer

There is no single symptom that confirms blood cancer. However, certain symptoms that are persistent, unexplained or occurring together may require medical attention.

Some possible warning signs include:

Persistent fatigue

Unusual or continuing tiredness may occur when blood cancer affects normal red blood-cell production.

Frequent infections

Changes in healthy white blood cells can affect the body's ability to fight infections.

Unexplained fever

Repeated or persistent fever without an obvious cause should be medically evaluated.

Easy bruising or bleeding

A reduction or abnormality in platelets can sometimes lead to unusual bruising or bleeding.

Unexplained weight loss

Unexpected weight loss can be associated with several health conditions, including some cancers.

Swollen lymph nodes

Persistent, painless swelling in areas such as the neck, underarms or groin can occur with lymphoma and other conditions.

Bone pain

Bone or back pain may occur in certain blood cancers, particularly multiple myeloma.

Importantly, these symptoms can also result from non-cancerous conditions. Experiencing one or more of them does not mean that a person has blood cancer. However, symptoms that persist or worsen should be discussed with a doctor.

How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis depends on the suspected type of blood cancer and the symptoms involved. Doctors may recommend a combination of tests rather than relying on a single investigation.

Common diagnostic approaches may include:

Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests
Peripheral blood examination
Bone marrow examination
Lymph node biopsy
Imaging investigations
Flow cytometry
Cytogenetic and molecular tests
Other specialised laboratory investigations

The exact tests depend on whether leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma or another hematologic disorder is suspected.

A detailed diagnosis is important because different blood cancers can have very different biological characteristics and treatment requirements.

What Are the Treatment Options for Blood Cancer?

Treatment for blood cancer is individualised according to the specific cancer, its subtype, stage or extent, molecular characteristics, the patient's overall health and other clinical factors.

Depending on the condition, treatment may include:

Chemotherapy –Medicines are used to destroy or control cancer cells and may form an important part of treatment for several blood cancers.

Targeted Therapy –Targeted medicines are designed to act on specific characteristics or molecular changes associated with cancer cells.

Immunotherapy –Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognise and fight cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies are used for specific types of blood cancer.

Radiation Therapy –Radiation therapy may be used in selected blood cancers depending on the disease and clinical situation.

Stem Cell Transplant –For selected patients, a blood stem cell transplant may be considered as part of treatment. It can help restore blood-forming stem cells after intensive therapy.

Treatment is often multidisciplinary and may involve medical oncologists, hematologists, radiation specialists, pathologists, transplant specialists, nurses and supportive-care teams.

Can Blood Cancer Be Prevented?

Unlike many other cancers that have well-established ways of preventing through certain lifestyle modifications, it is difficult to prevent some blood cancers.

There are differences in risk factors from one disease to another. While some blood cancers have risk factors like age, mutations in the DNA, treatment for other illnesses or particular immune-related conditions, the cause of many blood cancers remains unknown.

Thus, instead of trying out ways of preventing that lack scientific backing, it is essential to know about the risk factors and consult a doctor in case of suspicious symptoms.

Why Timely Medical Evaluation Matters

Many symptoms associated with blood cancer can initially appear similar to common infections, nutritional deficiencies or other medical conditions. This can sometimes make people delay seeking medical advice.

However, persistent symptoms should not simply be attributed to stress, ageing or a temporary illness.

A doctor may recommend a simple blood test or other investigations based on the symptoms and clinical history. If an abnormality is identified, further evaluation can help determine its cause.

Awareness does not mean assuming the worst. It means knowing when to seek the right medical advice.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026: A Reminder to Stay Informed

Blood cancer is not one single disease. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma are distinct conditions, each with different biological characteristics, symptoms and treatment approaches.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an opportunity to replace uncertainty with knowledge.

Pay attention to persistent changes in your health. Do not ignore unexplained symptoms, and consult our qualified healthcare professional when something does not feel right. Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital for you or your loved ones.

Because awareness is the first step towards understanding—and understanding can lead to timely care.